People often think of 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' as the days preceding the festival.  Actually, Christmas is a season of the Christian Year that lasts for the twelve days beginning December 25 and lasting until January 6 - the Day of Epiphany, when the church celebrates the revelation of Christ as the Light of the world and recalls the journey of the magi.

From 1558 until 1829 Roman Catholics in England were not allowed to practice their faith openly. During that era someone wrote 'The Twelve Days of Christmas' as a kind of secret catechism that could be sung in public without the risk of persecution.

'The 12 Days of Christmas' is, in essence, an allegory. The song has two levels of interpretation: the surface meaning plus a hidden meaning known only to members of the church. Each element in the carol is a code word for a religious reality. The "true love" represents God and the "me" who receives these presents is the Christian (or a Catholic whatever the case may be),

 The hidden meanings are:

The PARTRIDGE in a pear tree is Jesus Christ, a tree as a gift from God.

The 2 TURTLEDOVES are the Old and New Testaments, another gift from God.

The 3 FRENCH HENS stand for faith, hope and love - the three gifts of the Spirit that abide (I Corinthians 13).

The 4 CALLING BIRDS are the four Gospels, which sing the song of salvation through Jesus Christ.

The 5 GOLD RINGS recall the Torah (Law) the first five books of the Old Testament, also called the "Books of Moses."

The 6 GEESE a-laying stand for the six days of creation.

The 7 SWANS a-swimming represent the sevenfold gifts of the Spirit
                (I Corinthians 12:8-11, Romans 12, Ephesians 4, 1 Peter 4:10-11).

The 8 MAIDS a-milking are the eight beatitudes.

The 9 LADIES dancing? These are the nine fruits of the Spirit (Galatians 5:22-23).

The 10 LORDS a-leaping are the Ten Commandments.

The 11 PIPERS piping stand for the eleven faithful disciples. (Excludes Judas)

The 12 DRUMMERS drumming symbolize the 12 points of belief in the Apostles' Creed.

So the next time you hear 'The 12 Days of Christmas,' consider how this otherwise non-religious-sounding song had its origins in the Christian faith.

In the Church, as in the synagogue, the day technically begins at sunset. Therefore, Christmas begins at sundown on 24 December, which we very appropriately call ‘Christmas Eve.’ The Christmas Season, which begins with Christmas Eve, ends on the eve of Epiphany, which is sundown on 5 January. Therefore, Christmas lasts twelve days, and the period from sundown on 24 December to sundown on 5 January is called the Twelve Days of Christmas.

By this reckoning, Epiphany begins on the twelfth night after Christmas, so Epiphany was called Twelfthnight in England.